Plaque and calculus are two types of deposits that adhere to teeth and are the primary causes of gum disease, although they are distinct in their characteristics and effects on oral health. Plaque, a soft, sticky layer of acid-producing bacteria, can be easily removed with regular brushing and flossing. However, if not removed regularly, it can lead to gum inflammation and tooth decay. If left untreated, plaque can harden into calculus, also known as tartar, which is a hard mineralized substance that deposits on the teeth and cannot be removed by everyday oral hygiene practices. Calculus harbors bacteria that can irritate and inflame the gum tissue, leading to gum disease and recession. Professional dental procedures are required to remove calculus buildup, and depending on the extent, a specialized multi-visit procedure may be necessary. If plaque and calculus are not addressed, they can progress to more severe conditions like gingivitis and periodontitis. Thus, maintaining good oral hygiene at home and attending regular hygiene appointments are crucial for preventing potential risks to oral health.